TY - JOUR KW - Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors KW - active-comparator KW - and Inflammatory Bowel Disease KW - causal inference KW - new-user KW - pharmacoepidemiology KW - study design KW - switcher KW - time-varying exposure KW - trial emulation AU - T. Wang AU - J. Wang AU - Z. Song AU - E. Miller AU - V. Pate AU - Q. Her AU - J. Yang AU - S. Charlier AU - P. Egger AU - E. Barnes AU - J. Buse AU - C. Becker AU - R. Sandler AU - C. Meier AU - S. Jick AU - T. Sturmer AD - Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Global Epidemiology, GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA. Basel Pharmacoepidemiology Unit, Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Epidemiology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States. Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, Massachusetts, United States. AN - 40069957 BT - Am J Epidemiol DO - 10.1093/aje/kwaf044 DP - NLM ET - 2025/03/12 LA - eng N1 - 1476-6256 Wang, Tiansheng Wang, Jeanny Song, Zoey Miller, Elyse Pate, Virginia Her, Qoua Yang, Jeff Charlier, Sarah H R Egger, Pascal Barnes, Edward L Buse, John B Becker, Claudia Sandler, Robert S Meier, Christoph Jick, Susan Stürmer, Til Journal Article United States Am J Epidemiol. 2025 Mar 5:kwaf044. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwaf044. PY - 2025 SN - 0002-9262 T2 - Am J Epidemiol TI - Caution in Handling Switchers in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies Estimating Treatment Effects: The Example of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Inflammatory Bowel Disease ER -